Effects of Caffeine, Here's How it works, ChinaMist.com:"Your brain produces a chemical called adenosine. When adenosine binds to the adenosine receptors in your brain, it causes all the activity to slow down and it makes you tired. Caffeine has a structure that is very similar to adenosine, so it binds to the adenosine receptors instead. This causes two things. (1) The activity in your cells does not decrease; it increases. (2) The blood vessels in your brain constrict.

Your body sees all this increased activity, and it thinks that it's in danger. So the pituitary gland sends messages to the adrenaline gland to produce adrenaline. The adrenaline causes your heart rate to increase and your liver to release more sugar into your bloodstream so that you have more energy."
http://www.chinamist.com/knowledge/health/caffeine/effects.htm

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What is Caffeine, The Coffee Science Information Center:"The major pharmacologically active ingredient in coffee is the central nervous system stimulant, caffeine, known chemically as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine. The dimethylxanthine derivatives, theophylline and theobromine, are also found in a variety of plants.

Caffeine occurs naturally in the leaves, seeds or fruit of more than 60 plant species, of which cocoa-beans, tea, coffee, cola and guarana are the most well known. Caffeine is also added to many popular carbonated drinks, and is a component of a number of pharmacological preparations and over-the-counter medications including analgesics (where caffeine acts as an adjuvant), diet aids, and cold/flu remedies. (Caffeine added to a food or drink must, by law, be included in the ingredients list). In addition, both caffeine and theophylline have bronchodilatory properties, and are used in the treatment of neonatal apnoea (inability of the newborn to breath properly)."
http://www.cosic.org/caffeine/whatisit/

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Caffeine, Backround, Cumberland Mountain Community Services Board:"Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant . It is legal and found in many beverages, including coffee, tea, and colas. It is the most widely abused drug in the world.

It is used therapeutically to relieve headaches, relieve fatigue, and as a diuretic. It can also be found in medications such as migraine and other headache treatments (cafergot, Fiorinal, Fioricet), pain relievers (Anacin, Vanquish, Excedrin, Midol, Darvon, Synalgos-DC, DGA), muscle relaxants (Norgesic, Forte), cold/allergy treatments(Coryban-D), diuretics (Aqua-Ban) and pep pills (No Doz. Vivarin)."
http://www.cmcsb.com/caffeine.htm

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Caffeine and its effect on the human body, FitnessResults.com:"Caffeine is a mild stimulant, found in substances such as coffee, chocolate, and soda. It can cause fluctuaions in psychomotor reaction time and increased sleep latency. It passes directly from the blood to the brain and affects many neurotransmitters. No long-term serious health problems have been conclusively linked to caffeine, but many concerns are still evident, especially about the dependence on caffeine as a drug."
http://www.fitnessresults.com/caffeine.shtml

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What is the world's most popular drug? Caffeine!!!, Therapeutic Uses, Georgia Tech Wellness Center:"The most common medical use of caffeine is as a part of headache preparations and other pain relievers. Caffeine is added for its ability to relieve headache, including that caused by caffeine withdrawal, and for its ability to help analgesics do their work better. The ability of caffeine to stimulate breathing is used in the treatment of apnea (cessation of breathing) in newborn babies, and as an antidote against the depression of breathing by overdose of heroin and other opiate drugs. More controversial therapeutic uses of caffeine are: to kill skin funguses; to improve sperm mobility; to enhance the toxic effects of chemicals used in cancer therapy; and to facilitate the production of seizures during electroconvulsive therapy."
http://www.wellness.gatech.edu/substanceuse/caffeine1.htm

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How caffeine works, What is caffeine, HowStuffWorks.com:"Caffeine is known medically as trimethylxanthine, and the chemical formula is C8H10N4O2 (see this page for an image of the molecular structure). When isolated in pure form, caffeine is a white crystalline powder that tastes very bitter. The chief source of pure caffeine is the process of decaffeinating coffee and tea .

Medically, caffeine is useful as a cardiac stimulant and also as a mild diuretic (it increases urine production). Recreationally, it is used to provide a "boost of energy" or a feeling of heightened alertness. It's often used to stay awake longer -- college students and drivers use it to stay awake late into the night. Many people feel as though they "cannot function" in the morning without a cup of coffee to provide caffeine and the boost it gives them."
http://home.howstuffworks.com/caffeine1.htm

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Caffeine in the diet, Function, MEDLINEplus:"Caffeine is absorbed and distributed very quickly. After absorption, it passes into the central nervous system, or the brain. "Caffeine sensitivity" refers to the amount of caffeine that will produce negative side effects. This amount will vary from person to person. Caffeine does not accumulate in the bloodstream nor is it stored in the body. It is excreted in the urine many hours after it has been consumed. Caffeine will not reduce the effects of alcohol, although many people still believe a cup of coffee will "sober up" an intoxicated person."
Office of Communications and Public Liaison National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894
Phone: (301) 496-6308 Fax: (301) 496-4450 email: publicinfo@nlm.nih.gov
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm

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Caffeine Effects, Thesis by Theresa M. Daley '99, Saint Anselm College:" Brecher and the editors of Consumer Reports Magazine (1972) report the finding of Dr. J. Murdoch Ritchie's review of the desirable effects of caffeine found in coffee, tea, cocoa, cola drinks, and other popular beverages: "Caffeine stimulates all portions of the [cerebral] cortex. Its main action is to produce a more rapid and clearer flow of thought, and to allay drowsiness and fatigue...In addition, motor activity is increased; typists, for example, work faster and with fewer errors. However, recently acquired motor skill in a task involving delicate muscular coordination and accurate timing may be adversely affected" (p. 1).

Caffeine tends to produce a pattern of subjective effects that varies as a function of dose. Although low doses, in the range of 20 to 200 mg, generally produce mild positive subjective effects (e.g., increased feeling of well being, alertness, energy), higher doses, in the range of 200 to 800 mg, can produce negative effects (e.g., nervousness, anxiety) (Strain, Mumford, Silverman, & Griffiths, 1994). "
http://www.anselm.edu/academic/psychology/tdaley/effects.htm

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Caffeine Effects, What are the short term effects of caffeine on the body, The Vaults of Erowid:"The physiological effects of caffeine can begin as early as 15-45 minutes after ingestion. Its maximum central nervous system effects are reached in about 30-60 minutes. Caffeine increases heartbeat, respiration, basal metabolic rate, and the production of stomach acid and urine; and it relaxes smooth muscles, notably the bronchial muscle. All of these changes vary considerably among people and may depend upon the individual's sensitivity to this drug, his/her metabolism, or upon whether the consumer habitually uses or rarely uses caffeine. How long caffeine's effects last is influenced by the person's hormonal status, whether he/she smokes or takes medications, or has a disease that impairs liver functioning."
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/caffeine/caffeine_effects.shtml

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Caffeine's effects on health continue to be focus of study, December 17, 2002, The Wichita Eagle:"The act of balancing caffeine's pleasure vs. its harm is one every coffee or tea drinker knows well. But scientists have taken the discussion in new directions -- to an examination of the impact of caffeine on health, far beyond the immediate jitters.

They have spent decades putting caffeine -- the ingredient in coffee, tea and cola that delivers the buzz -- under the microscope. And so far their efforts have yielded mixed results. Though recent studies have reported on potential health benefits from consuming coffee -- in fact, lots of it -- there are others that find it can be unhealthy."
http://www.kansas.com/mld/eagle/4753020.htm

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Caffeine Pills, Stimulants, Stay Awake Aids

CVS Caffeine Tablets, Warning, CVS.com:"When using this product limit the use of caffeine-containing medications, foods, or beverages because too much caffeine may cause nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, and, occasionally, rapid heart beat. Stop use and ask a doctor if fatigue or drowsiness persists or continues to recur. Do not give to children under 12 years of age. For occasional use only. Not intended for use as a substitute for sleep. The recommended dose of this product contains about as much caffeine as two cups of coffee. If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use. Keep out of the reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a poison control center right away."
http://www.cvs.com/CVSApp/cvs/gateway/detail?prodid=564005&previousURI=/CVSApp/cvs/gateway/search?ActiveCat=499^Query=caffeine^Go.x=6^Go.y=9

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Caffeine oral, Who is this for, Drug Digest:"Caffeine is a stimulant. It is used to help stay awake and to increase alertness. It is also used in combination with pain relievers to enhance the effectiveness in treating headaches."
http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,6069|Caffeine%2Boral,00.html

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Caffeine (Systemic), Description, Drugs.com:"Caffeine (KAF-feen) belongs to the group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) stimulants. It is used to help restore mental alertness when unusual tiredness or weakness or drowsiness occurs. Caffeine's use as an alertness aid should be only occasional. It is not intended to replace sleep and should not be used regularly for this purpose.

Caffeine is also used in combination with ergotamine (for treatment of migraine and cluster headaches) or with certain pain relievers, such as aspirin or aspirin and acetaminophen. When used in this way, caffeine may increase the effectiveness of the other medicines. Caffeine is sometimes used in combination with an antihistamine to overcome the drowsiness caused by the antihistamine."
http://drugs.com/xq/cfm/pageID_0/htm_202105/type_cons/bn_Caffeine/micr_medex/qx/index.htm

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Lucidex, Enteric Coated Caffeine, 100mg Tablets, Drugstore.com:"Lucidex™ employs the Stomach Avoidance System™ designed to ensure that the enteric coated tablet passes through the stomach undissolved to avoid potential local stomach irritation problems. The unique 100mg, Professional-Strength Lucidex™ tablet was created for medical professionals to give them the flexibility to tailor the dose of Lucidex™ to match a patient's specific stimulant needs.

Take Lucidex™ for a safe, effective pickup anytime you feel drowsy and need to be alert. Lucidex™ has been found to be an effective stimulant and is generally well tolerated."
http://www.drugstore.com/products/prod.asp?pID=77902&catid=1202&trx=PLST-0-CAT&trxp1=1202&trxp2=77902&trxp3=1&trxp4=0&btrx=BUY-PLST-0-CAT

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NoDoz (Caffeine), Pregnancy Risk Categories Defined, eCureMe.com:": Studies in pregnant women failed to show a risk to the fetus in the first trimester - with no evidence of risk in the later trimesters.

B: Animals studies indicate no adverse effect to the fetus, but there are no adequate, clinical studies in pregnant women.

C: Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but there are no adequate, clinical studies in humans. Despite potential risks, the drug may be useful in pregnant women.

D: There is evidence of risk to the human fetus, but the potential benefits of use in pregnant women may be acceptable, despite potential risks.

X: Studies in animals or humans show fetal abnormalities, or adverse reaction reports indicate evidence of fetal risk. Warning: the risks involved clearly outweigh any potential benefit from using the drug in pregnant women, regardless of trimester."
http://www.ecureme.com/emyhealth/data/NoDoz_(Caffeine).asp

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Bl Stay Awake 200mg Tablet, Side Effects, RiteAid.com:"Nausea, stomach upset, insomnia, restlessness, nervousness, tremor, headache, lightheadedness may occur. Large amounts of caffeine may aggravate ulcers, cause frequent urination, flushing, muscle twitch or irritability. If any of these effects continue or become bothersome, inform your doctor. Notify your doctor if you experience: dizziness, depression, rapid breathing, chest pain, confusion, fatigue. Abrupt stopping of caffeine intake after several weeks of regular daily use may cause withdrawal symptoms such as headache, anxiety or muscle tension within 12 to 18 hours. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist."
http://www.riteaid.com/pharmacy/monographs/monographs.php?edtn_cde=025700&lang_cde=E&lbl_name=Bl+Stay+Awake+200mg+Tablet

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Get the facts about VIVARIN®, Vivarin.com:"FDA-approved. VIVARIN® is an over-the-counter product that has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to help restore your mental alertness or wakefulness when your are feeling fatigued or drowsy. You can count on VIVARIN®.

Safety tested. Each VIVARIN® tablet contains 200 mg. of caffeine, which is approximately the same amount in 2 cups of coffee. The caffeine in VIVARIN® is just as safe as coffee or soda, too. However, as with any over-the-counter product, it's important to use VIVARIN® according to package directions."
http://www.vivarin.com/aboutVivarin/getTheFacts.asp?getFacts=1

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Caffeine Citrated, What is this medicine used for, How is it best taken, USAdrug.com:"This medicine is used to treat short periods when premature babies stop breathing. The baby's breathing center is not fully developed yet.

Give to your baby at a similar time everyday.

Carefully measure out your baby's dose as shown by the healthcare provider at the hospital.

After you remove the dose, throw away the open bottle and any medicine left in it.

The medicine can be swallowed by mouth or given through a feeding tube."
http://usadrug.com/IMCAccess/ConsDrugs/CaffeineCitratedcd.shtml

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Vivarin Maxmium Strength Alertness Aid with Caffeine, Uses and Instructions, Walgreens.com:"Helps restore mental alertness or wakefulness when experiencing fatigue or drowsiness.

Adults and children 12 years of age and older: take 1 tablet (200 mg) not more often than every 3 to 4 hours."
http://www.walgreens.com/store/product.jhtml?PRODID=5572&CATID=100080

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Caffeine, Range and Frequency, Whole Health Md:"Tablets: 100 to 200 mg; repeat after 3 or 4 hours if needed. Extended-release capsules: 200 to 250 mg; can be repeated after 3 or 4 hours if needed. Citrated caffeine: 65 to 325 mg, 3 times a day as needed. Take no more than 1,000 mg a day."
http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/drugs_view/1,1524,677,00.html

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Caffeine & Pregnancy

Caffeine and Pregnancy, Do I have to give up caffeine now that I'm pregnant, AdvanceRx.com:"Not necessarily. You can still enjoy your favorite caffeinated drinks as long as you don't overdo it. Abundant research suggests that moderate amounts of caffeine won't harm mother or baby during pregnancy. Researchers define moderate as 300 to 400 milligrams (mgs) of caffeine, about what you'd get in three to four cups of coffee or seven to nine cans of diet cola.

Any more than that is questionable. And even though no study says 300 to 400 mgs or less will hurt you or your unborn baby, many women limit or cut out caffeine anyway, often with the blessing of their midwife or doctor."
http://www.buildingbetterhealth.com/topic/3955

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Caffeine During Pregnancy, Is it dangerous to get more than the moderate amount of caffeine during pregnancy, BabyCenter.com:"No one really knows for sure. Research is both confusing and inconsistent about the effects of drinking more than three or four cups of coffee a day, which is why experts don't always agree on how to advise pregnant women.

Some studies have linked miscarririage, low birthweight, and birth defects such as cleft palate to large amounts of caffeine. But much of this research failed to take into account other risk factors such as smoking and alcohol, which can also lead to complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery."
http://www.babycenter.com/refcap/pregnancy/pregnancynutrition/3955.html

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Caffeine, Overview, Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction:"Numerous studies have examined the effects of caffeine intake on fertility and pregnancy. Most studies found that moderate caffeine intake does not affect fertility or increase the chance of having a miscarriage or a baby with birth defects; some studies did find a relationship between caffeine intake and fertility or miscarriages. However, most of those studies were judged to be inadequate because they did not consider other lifestyle factors that could contribute to infertility or miscarriages. The Organization of Teratology Information Services (OTIS) stated that there is no evidence that caffeine causes birth defects in humans. Groups such as OTIS and Motherisk agree that low caffeine intake (150 mg/day or 1-½ cups of coffee) will not likely increase a woman’s chance of having a miscarriage or a low birth weight baby. Motherisk recommends that caffeine intake by pregnant women not exceed 150 mg/day whereas OTIS stated that moderate caffeine intake of 300 mg/day (equivalent to about 3 cups of coffee) does not seem to reduce fertility in women or increase the chances of having a child with birth defects or other problems. Caffeine can enter breastmilk, and high amounts can cause the baby to become wakeful and agitated. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that nursing women limit caffeine intake, but states that no harm is likely to occur in a nursing child whose mother drinks one cup of coffee a day. OTIS recommends that pregnant and nursing women drink plenty of water, milk, and juice and not substitute those fluids with caffeinated beverages."
http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/genpub/topics/caffeine-ccae.html

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Caffeine and Pregnancy, A controversial topic, ePregnancy.com:"Caffeine -- a stimulant found in colas, coffee, tea, soft candies, chocolate, cocoa, and over-the-counter and prescription drugs -- has been a controversial topic in pregnancy nutrition for more than a decade. A 1980 study by FDA found that caffeine, when fed to pregnant rats, caused birth defects and delayed skeletal development in their offspring. At that time, although the human implications were unknown, FDA advised pregnant women to eliminate caffeine from their diets."
http://epregnancy.com/info/nutrition/caffeine.htm

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Caffeine and Pregnancy, October 1997, Risk Newsletter, Illinois Department of Public Health:"Caffeine is considered the most widely used drug in the world; an average adult consumes between three and five cups of coffee each day. Significant amounts of caffeine are found in colas, tea, coffee and some prescription medications. In 1980, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cautioned women against caffeine intake during pregnancy based on information from animal studies. Since that time, numerous human studies demonstrate conflicting results on the teratogenicity of caffeine (Julien, 1995). It is estimated that 70-80% of women consume some caffeine while pregnant (Pastore & Savitz, 1995). This RISK||NEWSLETTER will address the effects of maternal caffeine exposure on various aspects of pregnancy."
http://www.fetal-exposure.org/CAFFEINE.html

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Caffeine in Pregnancy, March of Dimes:"Safety of caffeine consumption during pregnancy is controversial. Some studies suggest that modest caffeine intake of less than two average cups (defined below) of coffee per day presents a slight risk to the embryo or fetus, but others do not. There is stronger evidence that larger daily amounts of caffeine during pregnancy may increase the risks of miscarriage, preterm delivery and low birth weight, but no solid proof.

High caffeine intake during pregnancy should be avoided. Individual sensitivity to caffeine may vary for both pregnant women and developing fetuses, and risks of moderate caffeine consumption are not clear. Women trying to become pregnant may conceive sooner if they limit caffeine intake to moderate amounts. To minimize infants’ exposures to caffeine, breastfeeding women can avoid very high caffeine intake."
http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1148.asp

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Caffeine during pregnancy? In moderation, April 2000, Motherisk.org:"In 1980, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning regarding use of caffeine during pregnancy.1 Because conclusions about human teratogenicity could not be definite at that time, the FDA suggested that, as a precautionary measure, pregnant women should be advised to avoid or limit consumption of food or drugs containing caffeine. Due to the large worldwide consumption of caffeinated beverages (eg, coffee, tea, cola), it is important to know whether such a warning is actually warranted. If caffeine consumption during pregnancy were linked to adverse effects, such as spontaneous abortion or fetal growth retardation, those findings would have important implications for public health. Furthermore, the potential effect of such an association is underscored by the fact that low birth weight is associated with high mortality and morbidity among neonates."
http://www.motherisk.org/updates/apr00.php3

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Caffeine and Pregnancy, What exactly does caffeine do to my body, Principal Health News:"For starters, no matter which form it's in, food or beverage, caffeine is a nutritional loser. It has absolutely no vitamins or minerals to its name.

Caffeine is also a stimulant; it increases your heart rate and metabolism, which in turn stresses your developing baby. But while unremitting stress isn't healthy, brief bouts of fetal stress, such as that your baby would feel after you drink a cup of coffee, won't cause him any harm. It's akin to your dashing to the bus, another situation that briefly boosts your heart rate and metabolism."
http://www.principalhealthnews.com/topic/3955

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Caffeine During Pregnancy: Moderation Okay, Virtual Hospital:"Many pregnant women must make difficult decisions during pregnancy, but deciding whether to drink a cup of coffee or can of soda pop is not one of them, says a University of Iowa researcher and physician.

Drinking a moderate amount of caffeine--up to three cups of strong coffee or six diet colas per day--poses no risk to the unborn baby, says Dr. Jennifer Niebyl, professor and head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the UI College of Medicine and a staff physician at UI Hospitals and Clinics."
http://www.vh.org/adult/patient/obgyn/prose/caffeinepregnancy.html

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Jittery About Caffeine During Pregnancy, Web Md Health:"Starting in the late 1970s, concern was expressed regarding coffee's safety during pregnancy. Numerous studies on animals showed that even moderate amounts of caffeine caused birth defects, preterm delivery, reduced fertility, and increased the risk for low-birth-weight offspring and other reproductive problems. More recent studies show that the effects of caffeine on people are different than those on animals, but should be considered during the critical time between conception and the first trimester."
http://my.webmd.com/content/article/41/1671_52556.htm

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Caffeine Side Effects

Caffeine : Hidden Dangers, What are the short term effects of caffeine on the body, American Fitness Professionals & Associates:"The physiological effects of caffeine can begin as early as 15-45 minutes after ingestion. Its maximum central nervous system effects are reached in about 30-60 minutes. Caffeine increases heartbeat, respiration, basal metabolic rate, and the production of stomach acid and urine; and it relaxes smooth muscles, notably the bronchial muscle. All of these changes vary considerably among people and may depend upon the individual's sensitivity to this drug, his/her metabolism, or upon whether the consumer habitually uses or rarely uses caffeine. How long caffeine's effects last is influenced by the person's hormonal status, whether he/she smokes or takes medications, or has a disease that impairs liver functioning.

Subjectively, people report that caffeine gives them a "lift." They feel less drowsy, less fatigued, more capable of rapid and sustained intellectual effort. They also report improved performance of some manual tasks such as driving. However, caffeine may restore only those abilities or feelings the person had before fatigue or boredom set in. Studies have also shown that caffeine decreases reaction time to both visual and auditory stimuli; it does not significantly alter numerical reasoning (arithmetic skills) or short-term memory; and it can diminish performance of manual tasks that involve delicate muscular coordination and accurate timing."
http://www.afpafitness.com/articles/Caffeine.htm

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Caffeine's Effects are Long-Lasting and Compound Stress, July 26, 2002, Duke University Medical Center:"A study by researchers at Duke University Medical Center shows that caffeine taken in the morning has effects on the body that persist until bedtime and amplifies stress consistently throughout the day. These results show for the first time that the effects of caffeine last considerably longer than originally thought, said the scientists, and that caffeine exaggerates stress in people who consume it every day."
http://dukemednews.duke.edu/news/article.php?id=5687

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Effects of Caffeine, Health-Center.com:"Caffeine is a type of drug called a stimulant; it relieves drowsiness, helps you perform repetitive tasks, and improves your ability to work -- for some people. Caffeine is said to be addictive and can cause problems for some people because it can cause anxiety, inability to sleep, rapid breathing, upset stomach and bowels, and dizziness. It is possible to "overdose" on caffeine. Below are the symptoms a person may experience if he or she has had too much caffeine."
http://www2.health-center.com/mentalhealth/substanceabuse/caffeine/caffeffects.htm

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The Effects of Caffeine on Exercise Performance, Life Fitness Academy:"Side effects of caffeine include anxiety, jitters, inability to focus, irritability, insomnia, gastrointestinal unrest and nervousness. With higher doses, the risk of irregular heart beats increases. In addition, recent research has found that caffeine may cause miscarriage or slow growth in a developing fetus in pregnant women. It has also been associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures in postmenopausal women."
http://www.lifefitness.com/home_gyms_home_fitness_equipment/caffeine_performance.asp

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What are the effects of caffeine, McKinley Health Center:"Caffeine is a mild stimulant to the central nervous system. It is not addictive, though it can be habit forming. When caffeine intake is stopped abruptly, some individuals can experience headache, fatigue or drowsiness. Age and body size can make a difference in effect. A child or a smaller person may feel caffeine's effects more strongly than an adult or a heavier, taller person. A cup of strongly brewed coffee or tea has more caffeine than a weakly brewed cup."
http://www.mckinley.uiuc.edu/health-info/drug-alc/caffeine.html

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Caffeine Truths, Side Effects of Caffeine, MeritCare.com:"Caffeine has some beneficial effects. It stimulates the central nervous system to help keep people alert and increase their stamina. It can relieve certain types of headaches by constricting blood vessels in the brain and can reduce muscle tension by increasing blood flow to the muscle cells.

Adverse effects can include the inability to fall asleep, interrupted wakeful sleep, mood changes (anxiety, depression and irritability), heartburn, stomach upsets, increased headaches and irregular heartbeats. Caffeine-sensitive individuals or occasional caffeine consumers find these effects to be more dramatic. Heavy coffee drinkers often become desensitized to some of the adverse effects, but they also become dependent on its stimulant effects. For them, caffeine reduction often brings headaches and withdrawal symptoms."
http://www.meritcare.com/specialties/birthcenter/caffeine.asp

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Caffeine, MotivationStation.com:"Caffeine is a stimulant. That is why so many people rely on a cup of coffee in the morning to "wake them up". Luckily caffeine doesn't impair judgment, therefore it is widely accepted as a stimulant. Side effects from caffeine can be felt within an hour of consumption, and include increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure and secretion of stress hormones, and some other hormones as well. It is also a natural diuretic, therefore dehydration is a concern. To combat dehydration, drink an extra glass of water above your normal intake, for every caffeinated drink you enjoy."
http://www.motivationstation.net/caffeine.htm

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Caffeine - Its side effects, sources, burning fat, physiological effects and sport performance, 11/27/2002, Sarah Marshall Hons. BSc. CPT, MyFit:"Is caffeine harmful to me? Physiological effects of caffeine on the human body are fairly understood and well documented. The main physiological effect of caffeine appears to be as a stimulant of the central nervous system and most of the effects observed are behavioural in nature. Caffeine is associated with an increase in intellectual activity, but this seems to be significant only when the individual is fatigued or bored. Similarly, caffeine has been linked with sleeping problems and although there is evidence to support this, the variation from individual to individual is considerable."
http://www.myfit.ca/archives/viewanarticle.asp?table=supplements&ID=18

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Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use and Abuse, Sanford Bolton, Ph.D. and Gary Null, M.S., Orthomolecular Psychiatry, Volume 10, Number 3, 1981:"Caffeine, probably the most widely used drug, affects the psychological state of those who consume it. Abuse results in symptoms of caffeinism which include agitation, disorientation and a syndrome which may be mistaken for anxiety/neurosis. It is a habit-forming drug in which tolerance develops. It affects sleep in a dose related manner which is dependent on the daily caffeine intake, i.e., high users have less effect. Its central nervous system stimulation can cause pleasant effects with improved attention and concentration at lower doses. At high doses, the reverse may occur. Used judiciously, it may be a useful therapy in the treatment of hyperkinetic children. These and other effects of caffeine are discussed in this review article."
http://www.garynull.com/Documents/CaffeineEffects.htm

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Caffeine in the diet, Side Effects, PennHealth.com:"Excessive caffeine intake can lead to a fast heart rate, diuresis (excessive urination), nausea and vomiting, restlessness, anxiety, depression, tremors, and difficulty sleeping.

The effect of caffeine on health has been widely studied. In particular, the effects of caffeine on fibrocystic breast disease, cardiovascular disease, birth defects, reproductive function, and behavior in children has been closely examined and linked to some but not all. A 1984 statement from the American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs stated "Moderate tea or coffee drinkers probably have no concern for their health relative to their caffeine consumption provided other lifestyle habits (diet, alcohol consumption) are moderate as well." This statement emphasizes moderate caffeine use."
http://www.pennhealth.com/ency/article/002445sid.htm

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Caffeine Withdrawal

Caffeine, Withdrawal, Addiction Finder:"Caffeine withdrawal can cause severe headaches for those dependent on the drug. Anyone who wants to cut down should do it gradually; for example, mix regular with decaffeinated coffee and eventually decrease the regular. Typically, caffeine is not associated with other medical problems however, heavy use is thought to lead to the development of anxiety disorders.

Some people who consume large amounts of caffeine have some dependence on it, develop tolerance and experience withdrawal. However, the data available on the drug are insufficient right now to determine whether these symptoms meet the criteria for Substance Abuse."
http://addiction.healthsitefinder.com/mentalhealth/substanceabuse/caffeine/caffwith.htm

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Caffeine Withdrawal, Catholic Healthcare West:"Caffeine is an alkaloid found in tea, coffee, chocolate and kola nuts. It's an addictive substance that acts as a stimulant in the body. Its effect varies with the individual. The International Olympic Committee has banned caffeine, which, in specific doses, can raise an athlete's metabolic level, blood temperature, blood pressure and blood sugar level.

In the general population, excessive caffeine can cause high blood pressure, vomiting and convulsions. High amounts of caffeine -- the equivalent of five or six cups of brewed coffee a day -- may cause jitteriness, anxiety, headaches, sleep deprivation and increased metabolic rate."
http://www.chw.healthinkonline.com/dohealth/member/SelfCareWellness/vitSelfCare.asp?scID=365

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Shaking a Caffeine Addiction, Dr.Weil.com:"I applaud your decision to cut back on caffeine. Few people realize it is a stimulant that can activate the sympathetic nervous system and trigger the "fight or flight" reactions which prepare the body to respond to emergencies. Caffeine can make you jumpy, anxious, and fearful. It can interfere with relaxation, rest, and sleep. What's more, it is an addictive drug."
http://www.drweil.com/app/cda/drw_cda.html-command=TodayQA-questionId=3762-pt=Question

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Caffeine (and its effects), Caffeine Addiction, eTenet.com:" It is possible to become hooked on caffeine. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describes "caffeinism" as characterized by rambling speech and thought and periods of inexhaustability. It notes that caffeine addiction can be mistaken for manic episodes or panic attacks.

Caffeine can also be fatal to those who overdose to the extreme. Medical literature contains several reports of people who died after submitting to unorthodox practices such as caffeine injections or coffee enemas. However, the lethal caffeine level is very high - the equivalent of 75 cups of coffee."
http://www.etenet.com/Apps/Library/Corporate.asp?ID=620

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Caffeine Withdrawal Headaches, Causes, HeadachePainFree.com:"Even low-dose levels of caffeine (for example, amounts equivalent to 2 to 3 cups of coffee a day) have been shown to be physically habituating, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when stopped after regular use. Caffeine abstinence by regular users has been associated with increased cerebral blood flow velocities, which may explain the mechanism of the headache. Caffeine has the effect of causing blood vessels to constrict; the loss of caffeine can trigger dilation of the vessels, causing the increased blood flow and subsequent headache."
http://www.headachepainfree.com/caffeine_withdrawal_headaches.htm

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Caffeine Withdrawal, Health Ink & Vitality Communications:"Cutting back or suddenly eliminating caffeine can cause withdrawal symptoms, such as severe, throbbing headaches, drowsiness or decreased sociability and anxiety. Caffeine withdrawal may also resemble the flu, with muscle stiffness, nausea and waves of hot or cold sensations sweeping the body.

Some people who have a lifelong habit of drinking only one six-ounce cup of coffee a day (105 to 150 mg of caffeine) will experience caffeine withdrawal if they stop. Others who binge on caffeinated products for a short period -- for example, drinking coffee while preparing a deadline project and then stopping -- may show withdrawal symptoms."
http://www.oxford.dohealth.com/dohealth/member/SelfCareWellness/vitSelfCare.asp?scID=365

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Caffeine, Withdrawal, McVitamins.com:"The problem with caffeine is the longer-term effects, which tend to spiral downward. For example, once the caffeine wears off you face fatigue and depression. So what are you going to do? You take more caffeine to get the adrenaline going again. As you might imagine, having your body in a state of emergency all day long isn't very healthy, and it also makes you jumpy and irritable.

Caffeine is a drug. It can cause dependency and adverse reactions that most people are not aware of and can create withdrawal symptoms when the intake of caffeine is reduced. Drinking one or two cups of coffee per day might be okay, but drinking more than three cups per day can create these adverse effects."
http://www.mcvitamins.com/caffeine.htm

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Too Much Caffeine, Caffeine withdrawal may cause headache, nausea, depression, MedSafe:"Medical practitioners are advised to question patients presenting with possible symptoms of caffeine overdose about their ingestion of caffeine from the less obvious sources such as guarana preparations, dietary supplements used for fitness and energy drinks, as well as from coffee, tea and chocolate.

An individual withdrawing from caffeine because of a chronic toxic overdose may experience symptoms of withdrawal including headache, nausea, nervousness, reduced alertness and depressed mood. These symptoms are most acute during the first 20-48 hours, but they may persist for as long as 7 days.2 Discontinuation of caffeine at even a moderate intake can lead to these symptoms. There is also a danger of developing dependence by having that cup of coffee for the headache caused by caffeine withdrawal."
http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/PUarticles/caffeine.htm

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Caffeine, Pharmacological Effects, Pacific Neuropsychiatric Institute:"Caffeine's ability to antagonize adenosine receptors in the brain probably accounts for the most important of the drug's behavioral effects. Adenosine is an important CNS neuromodulator, possessing sedative, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant properties. Adenosine also dilates blood vessels in cerebral and coronary circulatory networks. Caffeine competes with adenosine for binding at its high-affinity receptor sites, preventing adenosine's normal tranquilizing or sedating effects. Thus, caffeine's stimulant or anxiety-inducing actions appear to be secondary effects of adenosine antagonism. Chronic caffeine exposure has also been shown to induce heterologous up-regulation of adenosine receptors in humans. Caffeine's antagonism to vasodilation by adenosine may account for caffeine withdrawal headaches, as well as for its efficacy in treating migraine headaches."
http://www.pni.org/psychopharmacology/drugs_recreational/caffeine/caffeine.html

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Caffeine Controversies, What you need to know about Nutrition:"Caffeine Addiction? According to a highly publicized study just published in the Archives of Family Medicine, only 8% of consumers tested could detect whether or not caffeine was in their soft drinks. This evidence, according to the authors, disputes manufacturers claims that caffeine is added to enhance flavor. The "mood-altering and physical dependence-producing effects of caffeine as a central nervous system-active drug", according to the authors, is more than likely the reason soft drink makers add the substance to their beverages. Lead researcher Dr. Ronald Griffiths later compared soda makers to cigarette manufactures, stating that "the marketing parallels between nicotine and caffeine are stunning."
http://nutrition.about.com/library/weekly/aa081500a.htm

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