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Shock, First Aid, Skill For Life:"Shock is a condition of general body weakness caused by loss of circulating bodily fluids,
such as loss of blood through internal or external bleeding, or loss of plasma from major burns, or through extreme pain or fear. The shocked casualty may feel weak, faint, giddy, may be anxious or restless, may feel sick and may vomit. Skin may become pale, cold and clammy, sweating may develop. Breathing can be shallow and rapid, and unconsciousness may develop. Shock is present in all cases of accident to a varying degree."
http://firstaid.eire.org/Shock.htm
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HON Allergy Glossary Anaphylactic Shock:"A life-threatening condition where blood pressure is too low to sustain life. Occurs when a low blood volume (due to severe bleeding, excessive fluid loss or inadequate fluid uptake), inadequate pumping action of the heart or excessive dilation of the blood vessel walls (vasodilation) causes low blood pressure. This in turn results in inadequate blood supply to body cells, which can quickly die or be irreversibly damaged."
http://www.hon.ch/Library/Theme/Allergy/Glossary/shock.html
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The Diagnosis and Treatment of Haemorrhagic Shock:"Shock produces a reduction in tissue perfusion resulting in hypoxic metabolism, acidosis and deterioration in organ function. The body responds to hypovolaemia through the sympathetic nervous system which causes tachycardia and vasoconstriction in an attempt to maintain cardiac output and blood pressure. To preserve blood flow to the vital organs (brain, heart, kidneys and liver), there is marked vasoconstriction of cutaneous and other peripheral blood vessels. Oliguria (defined as a urine output of less than 0.5ml/kg/ hour) occurs as the body actively retains fluid. The patient feels thirsty. As blood loss progresses there is increasing organ failure shown by dyspnoea (lungs), aggression or drowsiness (brain) and myocardial depression"
Includes: Pathophysiology, Choice of intravenous fluids, Classification of blood loss, Life saving surgery, Management of haemorrhagic shock, Summary
http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u01/u01_006.htm added 09/09/00
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Shock, Hypovolemic, Emedicine Online Text:"Hypovolemic shock refers to a medical or surgical condition in which rapid fluid loss results in multiple organ failure due to inadequate perfusion. For the most part, hypovolemic shock will result secondary to rapid blood loss (hemorrhagic shock)."
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http://www.emedicine.com/cgi-bin/foxweb.exe/showsection@d:/em/ga?book=emerg&topicid=532
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Septic Shock How to Detect it Early, Written by Sharon C. Wahl, RN, MSN:"Michael DeCristo, a 44 year old engineer, was admitted to the emergency department with severe pain in his right upper abdominal quadrant, radiating to his scapula. His skin was hot, flushed, dry, and slightly yellow; he had scleral jaundice. An intravenous (I.V.) cholangiogram confirmed a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis and cholelithiasis."
http://www.kcc.hawaii.edu/~johnb/micro/m130/readings/SepticShock.htm
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Septic shock, Dr. Koop.com:"Causes and Risks: Septic shock occurs more often in the very old and the very young and in people with other underlying illnesses. Many bacterial organisms can cause septic shock. Toxins released by bacteria can cause tissue damage and interfere with normal blood circulation."
http://umm.drkoop.com/conditions/ency/article/000668.htm
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Septic shock: finding the way through the maze.(News)(Statistical Data Included), The Lancet Interactive:"Most clinicians can recognise septic shock, but if you ask them to define it, you get a hundred definitions", says Jonathan Cohen (Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK). Despite much research, antibiotics remain the mainstay of treatment for septic shock and no-one is exactly sure what else to do about a disorder that is fatal in 40-60% of cases. Too often, clinical trials based on what is known of the mechanism of septic shock have been without effect or have increased mortality. And now, although most experts agree on the need for better patient classification, opinion is split as to whether a single target for therapy will emerge or whether treatment will have to be individually tailored."
http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0833/9195_354/58184174/p1/article.jhtml
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Pediatrics:
Shock in Children, The Pediatric Bulletin:"To understand the process of shock in children, we must understand the basics of cardiovascular physiology. There are certain values which need be understood. The cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood leaving the heart each minute. The stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood ejected with each beat. By definition, the value of the cardiac output is equal to the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate (HR). In the majority of patients, if the heart rate falls, the stroke volume will increase to maintain the cardiac output. In certain examples, however, the muscle of the ventricles is noncompliant and the stroke volume is unable to change, causing the cardiac output to fall when the heart rate falls. These examples include multiple myocardial infarctions, chronic cardiomyopathies in neonates. Therefore, neonates cannot tolerate bradycardia (a slowing of the heart rate) since it results in a precipitous fall in CO."
http://home.coqui.net/myrna/shock.htm
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